O Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional encaminhou em dezembro de 2021 o Projeto de Lei 4546/21, que institui a Política Nacional de Infraestrutura Hídrica, regulamentando a exploração e a prestação dos serviços hídricos no Brasil. A proposta, em tramitação na Câmara dos Deputados, vem sendo chamada pelo governo de “novo marco hídrico” e é um dos 27 projetos que tramitam apensados ao PL 1616/99, elaborado pelo então governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso, e que também trata da gestão de recursos hídricos no Brasil.
Todos os projetos serão analisados por uma comissão especial, a ser criada na Câmara dos Deputados.
O Poder Executivo alega que o setor vai demandar investimentos de R$ 40 bilhões até 2050 para garantir a segurança hídrica do país, o que não será viável apenas com recursos públicos, além de serem necessários recursos para manutenção e operação da infraestrutura já implantada e a implantar da ordem de 2% ao ano dos valores investidos nas obras. Para garantir a participação privada, a proposta prevê regras para a concessão dos serviços (inclusive nas atividades de gerenciamento), política tarifária, deveres do poder público e entidades reguladoras, e direitos e obrigações das empresas e usuários.
O projeto estabelece os princípios e as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Infraestrutura Hídrica logo nos seus primeiros artigos. Entre os primeiros estão a gestão eficiente da água e a sustentabilidade ambiental, social, econômica e financeira. A política terá como diretriz a integração nacional do gerenciamento das infraestruturas e recursos hídricos (como rios e lagos) e a integração com as políticas nacionais de recursos hídricos, de desenvolvimento regional, de desenvolvimento urbano, de saneamento básico, de proteção e defesa civil, de irrigação, de habitação e de energia, entre outras.
O principal instrumento da nova política será o Plano Integrado de Infraestruturas e Serviços Hídricos, responsável pelo planejamento de longo prazo (30 anos) das infraestruturas e serviços hídricos, que está previsto para ser elaborado pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional, com a participação dos estados.
Caberá a ele fazer o inventário nacional de todos os reservatórios disponíveis para os diversos usos da água (como geração de energia, irrigação e abastecimento urbano), adequá-los à demanda atual e necessidades futuras. As informações levantadas vão alimentar o Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Infraestruturas e Serviços Hídricos.
O novo PL também traz alterações da Lei 9433 com a criação da cessão onerosa pelo uso de recursos hídricos. Pelo texto, o detentor do direito de uso de um recurso hídrico (por exemplo, um açude ou lago) poderá cedê-lo a outro, mediante contrato e pagamento.
Foi previsto que a cessão será regulamentada e fiscalizada pelo órgão outorgante (União ou estado), a ser definida em regulamentação específica. O governo defende que a cessão onerosa será uma forma econômica de otimizar o uso da água em situações de escassez, principalmente em locais sem condições de atender todas as demandas.
A minuta do PL foi inicialmente apresentada ao CNRH na reunião do dia 30/11/2021, quando foi informado ao Conselho o envio do texto elaborado pelo MDR ao Congresso. Embora fosse amplo o clamor dos conselheiros pela discussão do texto dentro do CNRH antes do seu envio a Câmara, foi informado pelo MDR que seu encaminhamento já havia sido definido pelo Ministério e que essa era uma das prerrogativas do Poder Executivo. No final de dezembro o texto foi enviado a todos os conselheiros, conforme já protocolado no Congresso e, como forma de atender ao Artigo 35, inciso V da Lei 9.433, que prevê que qualquer alteração na Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, como a inserida no PL, deve ser submetida a análise do CNRH.
Foi recomendado a todos os conselheiros do CNRH que discutissem o tema com seus segmentos de forma a subsidiar os debates a serem promovidos dentro do CNRH ainda no primeiro trimestre de 2022.
No dia 09/03/2022, o MDR promoveu o Seminário Internacional sobre o Novo Marco Hídrico que está disponível no canal do YouTube do MDR (acesse aqui).
O tema tem sido debatido pelas diversas entidades, tendo sido inclusive objeto de um webinar promovido pela ABRHidro (acesse aqui) e diversas outras instituições, os quais a CT de Recursos Hídricos da ABES tem acompanhado.
Na reunião do CNRH as Organizações Técnico Cientificas, inclusive a representante da ABES no CNRH, apresentaram o seguinte posicionamento:
1) O processo de construção da proposta do PL – para ser alinhado aos princípios da Lei 9.433 e da PNRH – deveria ter sido mais participativo, com maior envolvimento do CNRH e dos demais membros do SINGREH. O envolvimento DEVERIA TER (SIDO) ACONTECIDO ANTES DE MANDAR O PL para o Congresso.
2) Alguns pontos propostos precisam ser devidamente aprofundados, pois impactam fortemente a PNRH, instituída pela Lei 9.433, por exemplo: a cessão onerosa de direito de uso de recursos hídricos, que equivale a um mercado de água, pode criar profundas desigualdades no acesso à água e exigirá grande ação do Estado para sua regulação. Ou seja, impactará fortemente o processo de alocação da água e dificilmente trará benefícios anunciados com o envolvimento da iniciativa privada. A experiência internacional evidencia sérias distorções dos mercados de água quando não há forte regulação do Estado; ou seja, além de aumentar sobremaneira o risco de desigualdade e injustiça no acesso à água (em função do poder econômico mais forte, assimetria de informações etc.), a cessão onerosa não diminuirá custos para a sociedade.
Questão muito polêmica que afeta vários pontos do SINGREH, sobretudo porque há mecanismos mais participativos e inclusivos de alocação de água em situações de conflitos e escassez hídrico., associados a um sistema de outorga que pode ser mais robusto.
3) O MDR deve nos esclarecer como conduzirá esse debate no CNRH e como levará as contribuições e eventuais mudanças acordadas ao PL. Quer atuar só na regulamentação? Ou ainda há chance de revisão do texto pelos seus autores?
4) As OTEPS sempre participaram e contribuíram para a construção da PNRH. Continuará a atuar para que a mesma evolua ainda mais, mas sempre de seus princípios e diretrizes básicas.
Já existe também uma nota de repudio ao Novo Marco Hídrico, de iniciativa do Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco, assinada por mais de cem entidades da sociedade civil e disponível neste link.
A Câmara Temática de Recursos Hídricos da ABES já se reuniu algumas vezes para discussão do tema e tenta promover um posicionamento mais propositivo do setor de saneamento em relação ao Novo Marco Hídrico. As contribuições individuais e institucionais foram abertas no dia 11/03/2022 no site do MDR por meio deste link, que está montado de forma a receber todos os tipos de contribuição.
É importante que a sociedade se aproprie do texto e traga suas contribuições para que não haja perdas no processo de construção da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, que completou esse ano 25 anos de existência. A ABES reconhece a necessidade de melhorias na política e de implantação efetiva dos seus instrumentos de gestão em todo o território nacional, mas isso tem que acontecer com a construção das melhorias por todos os importantes atores do setor.
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