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Saneamento Rural: baixos investimentos no setor aumentam a desigualdade social no Brasil. Leia entrevista com Felipe Toé, da CT Saneamento Ambiental da ABES

Ações por meio da gestão comunitária, como o modelo Sisar – Sistema Integrado de Saneamento Rural, aplicado no Ceará, Bahia, Piauí e Pernambuco, são uma alternativa que pode ajudar a diminuir a desigualdade social em diversas regiões, segundo o advogado. Ele também destaca os desafios do saneamento rural frente ao novo marco legal pós-reforma 2020.

Promover o saneamento rural é um dos caminhos para produzir mais igualdade no contexto socioambiental e atingir a universalização do saneamento no Brasil, conforme metas estabelecidas no Novo Marco Legal do Saneamento Básico. Porém, em razão da não efetivação dos planos estaduais e municipais de saneamento, que permitiria o zoneamento entre urbano e rural, dados estatísticos sobre este tema podem não refletir a realidade que temos em nível nacional. Entre as lacunas para este tema avançar está a falta de priorização de políticas públicas para inovar e alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável para áreas rurais.

Ações por meio da gestão comunitária, como o modelo Sisar – Sistema Integrado de Saneamento Rural, aplicado no Ceará, Bahia, Piauí e Pernambuco, são uma alternativa que pode ajudar a diminuir a desigualdade social em diversas regiões.

As considerações são do advogado Felipe Toé, membro da Câmara Temática de Saneamento Ambiental da ABES, que entre outras informações sobre o tema, destaca, nesta entrevista, os desafios do saneamento rural frente ao novo marco legal pós-reforma 2020.

O especialista será um dos palestrantes do X Seminário Nacional e V Encontro Latino-americano de Saneamento Rural, promovidos pela Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental – ABES, por meio de sua Câmara Temática de Saneamento Rural, além do X Seminário de Gestão dos Sisars e Centrais, realizado pelo Sistema Integrado de Saneamento Rural – Sisar. Os eventos acontecerão em Recife-PE, no Recife Praia Hotel. O tema central será Água e Solidariedade.

Confira a entrevista:  

ABES Notícias – Qual a importância do saneamento sob a ótica jurídica dos dias de hoje?

Dr. Felipe Toé – O serviço de saneamento é uma atividade exclusiva do ente público (Municípios e Estados). A prestação por entidade que não faz parte do poder público impõe a aplicação de um conjunto de leis e normas, denominado Marco Legal do Saneamento. Estão definidos no Marco Legal, como exemplo, os Direitos dos usuários do serviço, bem como as obrigações dos prestadores do serviço de saneamento.

ABES Notícias – Em termos do saneamento rural no Brasil, quais os principais desafios para alcançarmos uma boa cobertura na prestação dos serviços que compreendem o setor?

Dr. Felipe Toé – O rol de desafios é extenso em razão da diversidade de atividades que envolvem a prestação de serviços. Podemos exemplificar: o reconhecimento legal dos modais de prestação do saneamento rural; a efetivação das políticas públicas de saneamento nas esferas Federal, Estadual e Municipal; a captação de recursos financeiros com perfil de viabilização do acesso à água e o  apoio institucional dos titulares do serviço de saneamento, como alguns dos desafios que envolvem a  ampliação da cobertura na prestação de serviços no saneamento rural do Brasil. 

ABES Notícias – O senhor poderia informar qual a cobertura de saneamento na área rural do Brasil?

Dr. Felipe Toé – Em razão da não efetivação dos Planos Estaduais e Municipais de Saneamento, o que permitiria o zoneamento entre urbano e rural, dados estatísticos sobre este tema podem não refletir a realidade de forma fidedigna. O Atlas de Saneamento, publicado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), é uma importante fonte desses dados.

ABES Notícias – E como tem sido os investimentos para o saneamento rural em relação ao saneamento na zona urbana?

Dr. Felipe Toé – Atualmente, em virtude de diversos fatores socioeconômicos, prepondera o investimento em sistemas de saneamento urbano em detrimento dos investimentos para atendimento de sistemas rurais. Aumenta ainda mais esta disparidade se considerarmos os investimentos em localidades de baixa densidade demográfica.

ABES Notícias – Diante da sua experiência no tema, que contribuições o saneamento rural pode oferecer para a segurança hídrica do País?

Dr. Felipe Toé – A qualidade e segurança hídrica é direito do usuário do serviço e obrigação compartilhada entre prestador, titular e entre regulador. A ausência de gestão na prestação do saneamento rural resulta em informalidade, cuja lacuna jurídica expõe o consumidor final às consequências dos potenciais riscos da oferta de água desprovida de controle e monitoramento. A formalização jurídica na prestação do saneamento rural atrai para o prestador um conjunto de leis e normas que tem por objetivo a garantia da segurança hídrica, com isso, o usuário final e a autoridade sanitária assumem prerrogativas e de fiscalização e controle da qualidade e segurança da água.

ABES Notícias – Quais os principais desafios que o saneamento rural enfrenta com o novo marco?

Dr. Felipe Toé – Importante contextualizar que o Marco do Saneamento, pós-reforma de 2020, determina a prestadores e titulares do serviço de saneamento a busca da Universalização do serviço até 2033. Neste mesmo contexto, a ONU estabelece o acesso à água dentro da agenda global dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS-6).

Neste cenário, considerando que a prestação de saneamento rural, em regra, por fatores econômicos e operacionais, não é atrativa economicamente, com vistas ao cumprimento de metas legais e compromissos internacionais, um dos desafios é efetivar os modais (por exemplo, Gestão Comunitária) de prestação do saneamento rural como alternativa de caráter complementar e não concorrencial em relação às concessionárias e prestadores direto (por exemplo, o SAAE) do serviço de saneamento básico.

ABES Notícias – Em meio aos desafios para o saneamento rural avançar no País, quais soluções podemos considerar que já estão promovendo efeitos?

Dr. Felipe Toé – Os desafios e dificuldades para implementação dos serviços de saneamento em áreas rurais podem ser superados a partir de soluções que buscam valorizar a gestão comunitária, como é o exemplo do Sisar – Sistema Integrado de Saneamento Rural, aplicado no Ceará. No estado, o sistema atua em 2.010 comunidades e atende cerca de 40% de toda população rural.

Os Sisar’s são associações multicomunitárias, que tem como sócias as associações comunitárias e, juntas, prestam serviço de saneamento rural, cujo modelo teve início na Bahia, em 1995, e se expandiu, em 1996, para o Ceará, na cidade de Sobral, com apoio da Companhia de Água e Esgoto do Estado do Ceará (Cagece), do Governo do Estado do Ceará, do Banco KfW, das prefeituras e comunidades, que operam no sistema de gestão compartilhada. Hoje, além do Ceará e Bahia, o modelo de gestão regional/territorial Sisar/Central está em cidades e comunidades do Piauí e Pernambuco.

 

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