Os temas relacionados ao reúso e à dessalinização ganharam uma Câmara Temática a partir do 28º Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, realizado pela ABES em outubro de 2015. Com data de lançamento ainda a ser confirmada, a CT Dessalinização e Reúso atuará para envolver o maior número de especialistas e interessados no tema e já produziu seu primeiro estudo, “Reúso de Água nas Crises Hídricas e Oportunidade no Brasil” (leia aqui) , como explica seu coordenador, Renato Ramos, Diretor Comercial para o negócio de Águas da Dow Química na América Latina. Leia a entrevista a seguir.
ABES – Que países adotaram o reúso com sucesso?
Renato Ramos: O reúso vem sendo utilizado em mais de 40 países ao redor do mundo, muitos deles perceberam que, para atender a demanda de água neste século, é preciso pensar diferente sobre o uso e disposição das águas. Países como EUA e Singapura são grandes exemplos disso.
ABES – Como está o cenário das tecnologias de reúso no Brasil? Quão aquém ou próximos estamos dos países mais desenvolvidos? O que pode ser aproveitado de outros países? E o Brasil? Também tem exemplos a dar?
Renato – As tecnologias existem e estão disponíveis há vários anos, porém ainda eram caras. Felizmente hoje em dia, esses custos de implementação diminuíram significativamente e essas tecnologias evoluíram para um benefício do ponto de vista operacional maior. Como exemplo podemos citar as membranas que hoje apresentam um menor consumo energético, menor geração de lodos, menor consumo de químicos. Apesar do tema ter começado a ser discutido, o Brasil ainda está muito longe dos países que utilizam o reúso, e é importante citar que não são só os países desenvolvidos, já que países como Nigéria também fazem reúso. Existe muita discussão sobre o tema, inclusive com alguns projetos de leis sendo debatidos, mas há pouca implementação. Um exemplo, muito bem sucedido é o do Aquapolo (região da Grande ABC – SP). Tudo é um processo de aprendizagem e é importante a discussão na sociedade em vários âmbitos, contribuindo para catalisar o caminho do reúso, não o contrário.
ABES – Quanto tempo deve levar para o reúso ser uma técnica aplicada em larga escala no Brasil?
Renato – Pessoalmente, acredito que é um caminho inevitável, principalmente em grandes cidades – como a própria São Paulo, entre diversos pólos industriais, com o que chamamos de reúso indireto. A velocidade de implementação deve passar por uma análise de custo e benefício em face a oferta de água disponível, como feito, por exemplo, na Austrália. No entanto, é muito importante que essa análise seja feita comparativamente e não de forma individual. A pergunta que deve ser feita não é quanto custa uma estação de reúso, mas quanto custa o reúso em relação as alternativas de água disponíveis na região. Outro ponto importante, é permitir a entrada da iniciativa privada. Temos várias empresas de abastecimento de água e esgoto que necessitam de um melhor balanço financeiro para fazerem quaisquer investimentos, nesses casos, faz-se necessário a ajuda da iniciativa privada e a criação de novos modelos de negócios para que o reúso seja implementado. Tendo essa visão, nos próximos anos teremos vários exemplos em larga escala.
ABES – Como, na sua opinião, deve ser a comunicação com a sociedade sobre o reúso de água?
Renato – A sociedade tem que entender que as tecnologias disponíveis para o reúso podem trazer uma garantia de qualidade de água bastante confiável e seguramente muito melhor que vários mananciais de onde hoje retiramos água para abastecimento. Um primeiro passo, é pensar no reúso indireto, onde essa água tratada e de excelente qualidade é utilizada, como por exemplo, para repor os níveis de mananciais e inclusive melhorar sua qualidade. Tanto do ponto de vista qualitativo, quanto quantitativo, é fundamental que tenhamos mais essa opção para atender as necessidades da população. Quem já ficou sem água consegue ter essa reflexão mais facilmente.
ABES – E quanto à dessalinização? É viável no país?
Renato – Seguramente é viável, mas também como uma alternativa e em base novamente a uma análise de custo e benefício. Deveria estar majoritariamente concentrada na faixa litorânea e onde a presença de fontes de água doce não é suficiente. Também existem opções de dessalinização no interior do Brasil, um exemplo bem sucedido é o Programa Água Doce, onde existem milhares de dessalinizadores atendendo a uma parte das 9 milhões de pessoas que vivem na zona rural nordestina. Também tem-se iniciado a utilização de dessalinizadores em poços com alta concentração de sais de fluoreto, como já implementados pela própria SABESP. O que é importante aqui, é que o saneamento no Brasil discuta um cardápio de opções de tratamento para que possam identificar quais são as alternativas mais viáveis do ponto de vista técnico e econômico.
ABES – Como você vê a criação, pela ABES, de uma câmara dedicada ao Reúso e à Dessalinização?
Renato – É um passo fundamental para divulgar o conhecimento. É comum que as pessoas sintam receio daquilo que é desconhecido. Ampliar o conhecimento e abrir o debate permite que todos os envolvidos se beneficiem: discutindo prolemas, soluções e achando em comum as proposições de valor.
ABES – Quais serão as primeiras ações da CT?
Renato – A CT Dessalinização e Reúso é talvez a mais nova ação da ABES. O que pretendemos de imediato é engajar e convidar o maior número de pessoas interessadas em aprender e discutir o tema. Em paralelo, já está iniciada a discussão com algumas sedes regionais sobre a implementação de alguns seminários técnicos. Com certeza, essa será uma das CTs de maior movimento dentro da ABES e em pouco tempo.
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